Learn: Use scale, direction, coordinates, contours, cross-sections and spatial data.

Key example: Close contours show a steep slope; six-figure references locate precise points.

Learn: Read weather instruments and explain rainfall, temperature, pressure and climate.

Key example: Weather is short-term atmospheric condition; climate is a long-term average.

Learn: Explain weathering, erosion, transport and deposition by rivers and coasts.

Key example: A waterfall may retreat upstream and leave a gorge.

Learn: Study food webs, nutrient cycles, vegetation and human impacts.

Key example: Climate strongly influences natural vegetation and biome distribution.

Learn: Classify renewable and non-renewable resources and manage them sustainably.

Key example: Forests can renew when harvesting does not exceed regrowth.

Learn: Compare fossil fuels, hydroelectricity, solar, wind and biomass.

Key example: Energy choices involve reliability, cost and environmental impact.

Learn: Explain extraction, benefits, environmental impacts and rehabilitation.

Key example: Mining creates jobs and exports but can pollute water and damage land.

Learn: Evaluate conservation, pollution control and sustainable development.

Key example: Sustainability meets present needs without damaging future capacity.

Learn: Study farming systems, inputs, land use, food security and reform.

Key example: Commercial and subsistence farms differ in scale, capital and market purpose.

Learn: Explain industrial location, linkages and environmental effects.

Key example: Factories may locate near raw materials, power, labour, markets or transport.

Learn: Calculate density and interpret growth, migration and population structure.

Key example: Population density=population divided by land area.

Learn: Compare rural and urban settlements, site, function and hierarchy.

Key example: A settlement hierarchy ranges from small villages to major cities.

Learn: Assess networks, accessibility and movement of goods, people and information.

Key example: Better transport reduces time and can expand markets.

Learn: Evaluate attractions, employment, foreign currency and sustainability.

Key example: Tourism brings income but unmanaged growth can damage attractions.

Learn: Understand drought, floods, storms, earthquakes and risk reduction.

Key example: A hazard becomes a disaster when vulnerable people and systems are seriously affected.

Learn: Plan enquiries, sample, collect data and select graphs or maps.

Key example: Bar graphs compare categories; line graphs show change over time.